Thequestionofwhetherwarisinevitableisonewhichhasconcernedmanyoftheworld’sgreatwriters.Before 36 thisquestionitwillbeusefultointroducesome 37 concepts.Conflict 38 asoppositionamong socialunits-orindividuals-directedagainstoneanotheris 39 fromcompetitionwhich 40 oppositionamongsocialunits 41 seekingtoobtainsomethingwhichis 42 inadequatesupply.Competitorsmaynotknowaboutoneanotherwhichthosewho 43 inaconflictdo.Conflictandcompetitionareboth 44 ofopposition.Themeaningofoppositionhasbeenstatedasaprocessbywhichsocialunitfunctioninthedisserviceofoneanotheroppositionis 45 contrastedtocooperationa 46 bywhichsocialunitsfunctionintheserviceofoneanother.These 47 arenecessarybecauseitisimportanttoemphasizethat competitionbetweenindividualsorgroupsisinevitableinaworldoflimited 48 butconflictisn’t.Conflictneverthelessisverylikelytooccurandisprobablyanessentialanddesirable 49 ofhumansocieties.

Manyauthorshave50theirargumentsthatwarcannotbeavoidedontheideathatinthestruggleforexistenceamonggroupsofanimalsonlythosewhicharebest51remainalive.Ingeneralhoweverthisstruggleinnatureiscompetitionnotconflict.Thosewhofailinthiscompetition52starve

todeathorare53byothertypesofanimals.Thisstrugglefor54isnotsimilartohumanwarbutislikethecompetitionof55forjobsmarketsandmaterials.Themostimportantqualityofthisstruggleisthecompetitionforthenecessitiesoflifethatarenotenoughtosatisfyall.

36.A.considering B.solvingC.answering D.saying

37.A.related B.used C.translated D.sacred

38.A.specifiedB.remarked C.defined D.claimed

39.A.variable B.distinguished C.variousD.isolated

40.A.acknowledged B.denies C.assumes D.means

41.A.criticallyB.approximately C.independently D.costly

42.A.on B.for C.with D.in

43.A.enter B.participate C.fall D.involve

44.A.formations B.classes C.terms D.reactions

45.A.nevertheless B.however