Insciencethemeaningoftheword“explain”sufferswithcivilization’severystepinsearchofreality．Sciencecannotreallyexplainelectricity，magnetism，gravitontheireffectscanbemeasuredandpredicted，butoftheirnaturenomoreknowntothemodernscientiststhantoThalaswhofirstlookedintothenatureoftheelectrificationwhenphysicistsrejectthenotionthatmancanneverdiscoverwhatthesemysteriousforces“really”are．Electricity，BertrandRussellsays，isnotathing，1ikeSt．Paul’sCathedrfll；itisawayinwhichthingsbehave．Whenwehavetoldhowthingsbehavewhentheyareelectrified，andunderwhatcircumstancesareelectrified，wehaveto1dallthereistotell．Untilrecentlyscientistswouldhavedisapprovedofsuchanidea．Aristotle，forexample，whosenaturalsciencedominatedWesternthoughtfortwothousandyears，believedthatmancouldarriveatanunderstandingofrealitybyreasoningfromself-evidentprinciples．Hefelt，forexamplethatitisaself--evidentprinciplethateverythingintheuniversehasitsproperplacehenceonecandeducethatobjectsfalltothegroundbecausethat’swheretheybelongandsmokegoesupbecausethat’swhereitbelongs．ThegoalofAristotlesciencewastoexplainwhythingshappen．ModernsciencewasbornwhenGalileobegantryingtoexplainhowthingshappenandthusoriginatedthemethodofcontrolledexperiment，whichnowformsthebasisofscientificinvestigation．

1．Theaimofcontrolledscientificexperimentsis______．

A.todescribeself--evidentprinciples

B．toexplainhowthingshappen

C．toexplainwhythingshappen

D．tosupportAristotelianscience．

2.Whatprinciplesmostinfluencedscientificthoughtfortwothousandyears?

A.Theforcesofelectricity，magnetismandgravity．

B.ThespeculationsofThalas．

C.Aristotle’snaturalscience．

D.Galileo’sdiscoveries．

3.BertrandRussell’snotionaboutelectricityis________.

A.inagreementwithAristotle’stheoryofself-evidentprinciple

B.disapprovedofbymostmodernscientists

C.inagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward“how”thingshappen

D．inagreementwithscientific