求助：法律英文文献翻译（急啊.）

CriminalizationandDecriminalization-DefinitionOfA"criminal"Sanction

Beforeexaminingthewidevarietyofissuesinvolvedinthechoiceofthecriminalsanction,itisusefultoconsiderwhatitmeanstocallsomethingacrimeand,inparticular,howcriminalprohibitionsdifferfromvariouscivillawsandregulations.Althoughcriminalpenaltiestendtobemoreseverethancivilandregulatoryremedies,perhapsonlythedeathpenaltyisuniquetothecriminallaw.Propertyistakenbytaxation,civilfines,civilforfeitures,andcompensatoryorpunitivedamages;individuallibertymaybedeniedbysuchcivilproceduresasquarantine,involuntarycivilcommitment,andthemilitarydraft.Thus,whatprincipallydistinguishesthecriminalsanctionisitspeculiarstigmatizingquality,evenwhensentenceissuspendedandnospecificpunishmentfollowsconviction.Criminalsanctionshavetraditionallybeenviewedasexpressingsociety'sstrongmoralcondemnationofthedefendant'sbehaviorandits"hatred,fear,orcontemptfortheconvict"(HenryM.Hart,Jr.,p.405).Thisisprobablystilltrue,despitethedilutionof"moral"blamethathasresultedfromthecontinuingexpansionofthecriminallaw.

Aseconddistinguishingfeatureofthecriminallaw,whichfollowsnaturallyfromthespecialstigmaandseveresanctionsthatmaybeimposed,isthestrictprocedureofadjudicationrequired.Asamatterofconstitutionallaw,criminaldefendantsareentitledtoproofbeyondareasonabledoubt,theprivilegeagainstcompelledself-incrimination,andnumerousotherproceduralguarantees.Criminalstatutesmayalsoviolatedueprocessiftheyareundulyvague(CityofChicagov.Morales,527U.S.41(1999)),andtheyaretraditionallyconstruednarrowly,bothasamatterofpublicpolicyandasameanstoavoidunconstitutionalvaguenessproblems.

Athirddistinguishingfeatureofthecriminallaw,whichfollowsinpartfromthefirsttwo,isthatitemploysspecializedagenciesofenforcement:police,prosecutors,criminalcourts,andcorrectionalagenciesfocustheireffortslargelyorentirelyonthecriminallaw.

急啊啊啊啊啊~~~我把所有分都给了,过了今天就没用了,希望兄弟姐妹们快帮忙啊.还有后半篇我另外发,希望帮忙啊